Wind Turbines

TOP 10
http://www.windpowermonthly.com/10-biggest-turbines


Wind Wiki

Because the power of the wind increases as the cube of the wind speed, turbines have to be built to survive much higher wind loads (such as gusts of wind) than those from which they can practically generate power. Wind turbines have ways of reducing torque in high winds.

A wind turbine is designed to produce power over a range of wind speeds. All wind turbines are designed for a maximum wind speed, called the survival speed, above which they will be damaged. The survival speed of commercial wind turbines is in the range of 40 m/s (144 km/h, 89 MPH) to 72 m/s (259 km/h, 161 MPH). The most common survival speed is 60 m/s (216 km/h, 134 MPH).

Modern large wind turbines are variable-speed machines. When the wind speed is below rated, generator torque is used to control the rotor speed in order to capture as much power as possible. The most power is captured when the tip speed ratio is held constant at its optimum value (typically 6 or 7). This means that as wind speed increases, rotor speed should increase proportionally.

By minimizing the yaw angle (the misalignment between wind and turbine pointing direction), the power output is maximized and non-symmetrical loads minimized. 

Braking of a small wind turbine can be done by dumping energy from the generator into a resistor bank, converting the kinetic energy of the turbine rotation into heat. This method is useful if the kinetic load on the generator is suddenly reduced or is too small to keep the turbine speed within its allowed limit.

Cyclically braking causes the blades to slow down, which increases the stalling effect, reducing the efficiency of the blades. This way, the turbine's rotation can be kept at a safe speed in faster winds while maintaining (nominal) power output. This method is usually not applied on large grid-connected wind turbines.

Typical modern wind turbines have diameters of 40 to 90 metres (130 to 300 ft) and are rated between 500 kW and 2 MW. As of 2014 the most powerful turbine, the Vestas V-164, is rated at 8 MW and has a rotor diameter of 164m.

Wind velocities increase at higher altitudes due to surface aerodynamic drag (by land or water surfaces) and the viscosity of the air. The variation in velocity with altitude, called wind shear, is most dramatic near the surface. Typically, the variation follows the wind profile power law, which predicts that wind speed rises proportionally to the seventh root of altitude. Doubling the altitude of a turbine, then, increases the expected wind speeds by 10% and the expected power by 34%.

The number of blades is selected for aerodynamic efficiency, component costs, and system reliability. Noise emissions are affected by the location of the blades upwind or downwind of the tower and the speed of the rotor. Given that the noise emissions from the blades' trailing edges and tips vary by the 5th power of blade speed, a small increase in tip speed can make a large difference

The major parts of a modern turbine may cost (percentage of total) : tower 22%, blades 18%, gearbox 14%, generator 8%.


http://www.motherearthnews.com/renewable-energy/vertical-axis-wind-turbines-zmaz08fmzmcc.aspx

http://www.wind-works.org/cms/index.php?id=64&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=2220&cHash=b55932dfebd049ab01c1d968670afc1e

Horizontal = better efficiency

Google Images

http://www.designboom.com/technology/wind-power-technology/

small series of horizontal turbines
GROW-wind and PV leaves

Precedent

new residential tower in the city’s elephant & castle

SOM's Pearl River Tower

bahrain world trade center

Chad Oppenheim’s COR Miami 

SOM Net Zero Tower-Pertamina Energy Tower
http://www.fastcoexist.com/3023870/there-is-a-giant-wind-farm-hiding-inside-this-supertall-skyscraper

Gently tapering towards a rounded top, the tower opens up at the crown, revealing a ‘wind funnel’ that will take advantage of the prevailing winds and increased wind speeds at the upper floors to generate energy. 

http://aasarchitecture.com/2013/12/Pertamina-Energy-Tower-by-SOM.html

The Raiffeisen-Holding Hochhaus office tower
 the world's first “Passive-House” skyscraper.

http://www.istructe.org/news-articles/2013/industry-news/world-s-first-passive-house%E2%80%9D-skyscraper?feed=Latest-News-Features

Devoid Tower - Chicago

http://www.archdaily.com/222656/the-devoid-tower-daniel-caven/

Designed by MA2, the office tower and exhibition hall concept design proposal 
http://www.archdaily.com/338288/office-tower-and-exhibition-center-proposal-ma2/

Ken Yeang

Connecting Ecologies and Green Aesthetic
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m5Zl4bhE5i8

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tYONQW78qbE

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oCREJ-islWg

Development at end of video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s-qTTLj5ieE

Kinetic Energy

Piezo Bender as a switch

http://www.puiaudio.com/resources-white-papers-piezo-bender.aspx

WIND

Ned Khan Wordpress

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ifhDm5PC0i0

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZDPqrA4-jK0

http://www.wordy.photos/index.php?keyword=ned%20kahn&sort=relevance

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ys3rqbs2zs

http://www.nctlinc.com/velocity-chart/

where  is the density of the fluid,  is the (slower) fluid velocity where the pipe is wider,  is the (faster) fluid velocity where the pipe is narrower (as seen in the figure). This assumes the flowing fluid (or other substance) is not significantly compressible - even though pressure varies, the density is assumed to remain approximately constant.

Urban Grafting

Equitable Building = 31 Levels [minus upper level dbl. height and raised lower level 3 Levels??] = 20 units wide

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equitable_Building_%28Chicago%29 

401 North Michigan occupies a site with several aspects of historical significance, both on a local and national scale. The site was originally settled by du Sable around 1779, and operated as a personal residence and fur-trading post, forming the very beginnings of the city of Chicago.In 1849, Cyrus McCormick moved to Chicago to set up a factory for his invention, the horse-drawn reaper, and purchased several lots on the former du Sable/Kinzie property, eventually developing a large factory complex. After this factory burned in the Great Chicago Fire in 1871, McCormick moved his factory to the West Side. Even as Michigan Avenue was slowly rebuilt into the city's premier street beginning in the 1920s, the site remained industrial in usage, and by 1961, it had become a parking lot. 

In 1961, the Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States announced their intention to construct a new, modern office tower at the 401 North Michigan site, relocating their sizable Chicago offices from cramped space at 29 South LaSalle Street. The announcement described the proposed 800,000 ft² tower as a "glittering structure of metal, marble, and glass set amid a picturesque plaza".^[6] Construction began in 1963 and commenced in 1965.

In addition to Equitable, one of the largest tenants of the building - occupying 12 floors - was the International Harvester Company, the descendant of Cyrus McCormick's original reaper works, which intended to "return to its birthplace"

Pioneer Court, often mistakenly called "Pioneer Plaza", is largely the great civic space imagined at the time of its construction. Since it was built, it has hosted numerous art installations, performances, civic events, advertising events, and festivals. It has also been featured in several films and television advertisements. In 1992, Pioneer Court was redesigned and extended eastward around the office tower by Cooper, Robertson & Partners in a vaguely Postmodernist style, in conjunction with the massive Cityfront Centerdevelopment just to the east.

As in many office towers, a core containing stairs, elevators, and bathrooms lies at the center.



The most common characteristics of International Style buildings are said to be: 
1. rectilinear forms; 
2. light, taut plane surfaces that have been completely stripped of applied ornamentation and decoration; 
3. open interior spaces; 
4. a visually weightless quality engendered by the use of cantilever construction.

INSPIRATION:

Tree of 0 Fruits
http://www.sciencealert.com/news/20142107-25892.html

Dustin Yellin Glass Artist

Hotel

How much does it cost to build the average hotel?

There are a huge number of variables in such a question. For one thing, will it have a restaurant? What about a banquet or conference facility? Does it need a swimming pool or a gym? Is there a large lobby lounge?

According to USAToday, the average hotel room is roughly 325 square feet with interior dimensions of approximately13'x25' (including a full bathroom). In the United States, the average hotel will have 115 rooms and require around48,000 square feet.

Interestingly enough, a survey conducted by "Luxury and Resort Travel" found that the top amenities in most hotels were those "en suite" or available in the room rather than on the grounds. Because of this, we will consider the construction of a hotel with "Mid Priced" rooms, a lobby lounge, and the facilities to administer 24-hour room service.

The building of hotel requires an architect or an architectural firm, a knowledgeable contractor, a team of subcontractors, and a cooperative developer/owner to get the job done in a reasonable time frame.

• According to Hawkins Research, Inc., most hotel projects should use materials and techniques that fall under the "Best" classifications to keep wear and tear or replacement costs low. Such a building would run at an average of $22.2 million to complete. This does not include acquisition of the land or any demolition costs, however.

• The above figures place this construction at a $463 per square foot cost, though a national average of stands between $325 and $450 for hotel contractors. This pricing structure assumes that the work is unionized. "Open shop" laborers would follow a price structure that includes - carpenters, masons and excavators charging an average of $70 per hour, electricians between $65 to $85 per hour, painters between $20 and $35 per hour and plumbers between$45 and $65 per hour.

• Materials would cost around $9.8 million, labor would cost roughly $8.9 million, and the machine costs would stand at roughly $935,000.

Precedent + BluSKY